A study made in the Institute of Biomechanics of Valencia, and published in Musculoskeletal Science and Practice, shows that the perceived pain of whiplash associated disorders is related to neck motion measures, with range of motion and smoothness of neck flexion are consistently related to pain perception. The statistical models developed in that study are able to estimate pain score changes with clinically insignificant errors.

Read the full paper here: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msksp.2018.09.004